The 19th century was the time of many technical innovations. In the 1870s and 1880s, photography underwent an enormous development. Faster and faster camera shutters and increasingly sensitive photographic materials led to great advances. So-called "snapshots" of moving subjects also became possible. Eadweard Muybridge, a native of England, drew aesthetic inspiration from British photographers such as Lewis Caroll, Julia Margaret Cameron and Roger Fenton. He was a photographer, inventor, entrepreneur and entertainer. Muybridge's invention of special techniques to make motion sequences visible through multiple shots was groundbreaking. In the 19th century USA, he succeeded in a unique career as a photographer. Muybridge created a series of photographs of a galloping horse in 1878. He set up 12 cameras along the racetrack and stretched contact wires across the track. The horse's movements triggered the cameras. This was the birth of serial photography. The photographic pioneer thus revealed secrets that had previously been hidden from the human eye. For example, he succeeded for the first time in proving that a horse at a gallop briefly lifts off the ground with all four hooves.
Along with Ottomar Anschütz, Albert Londe and Étienne-Jules Marey, Muybridge is one of the great pioneers of photography. His photographs of people and animals in motion were revolutionary. With his pictures of individual phases of a movement, he founded chronophotography or serial photography. He signed some of his works with his artist name Helios. The tinkerer refined his photographic process more and more. For example, he used a clockwork mechanism with electronic switches as a shutter release, which rotated in certain time sequences. In 1878, Muybridge achieved another groundbreaking invention: the zoopraxiscope, a precursor of the film projector. It is a disc-shaped stroboscope. Using an incandescent lamp, it projects a series of individual images onto a screen. In Palo Alto (California), the inventor presented his first moving images on a screen to an astonished audience. The photographic pioneer thus also did valuable preliminary work for the development of film technology. In one quote, the visionary already foresaw this development: "In the not too distant future, one will [...] record an entire opera, with all the actors' gestures, facial expressions and singing, as well as the accompanying music, and reproduce it with the aid of a device."
With the support of the University of Pennsylvania, Muybridge launched a scientific project on his motion studies in 1883. To do this, he exposed some 100,000 glass plates containing images of, for example, men wrestling, a nude ballet dancer, or elephants. In this way, he documented in detail all possible movements, such as walking, kicking, hopping, sawing. Using a zoopraxiscope, he brought the people and animals to life in their movements. Muybridge was also extremely careful in the selection of his models and attached great importance to graceful posture. Muybridge's books Animals in Motion (1899) and The Human Figure in Motion (1901) are still reprinted today. The movement studies of the photographic pioneer inspired many artists from then until today, for example Edgar Degas, Marcel Duchamp and Francis Bacon.
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.jpg "Jockey on a Galloping Horse by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-1012228).jpg "Eadweard Muybridge: The Buck and the Kick by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Nude Male Ballet Dancer, First Ballet Action, Lifting Right Leg (Plate 369) c.1887 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Running by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "The Horse in motion,")
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.jpg "Two Men Wrestling, plate 348 from")
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.jpg "Tiger Walking, Plate 729 from Animal Locomotion by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-954065).jpg "The Human Figure in Motion: Dancing girl, a pirouette by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "The Human Figure in Motion: Woman, Kicking by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 666. Ass; Walking; Saddle; A Girl Riding, Zoo by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Hauling; Dark-Gray Belgian Horse Hansel, 1885 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 347. Wrestling, Graeco-Roman, 1885 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "A sequence photograph by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 444. Two Models Shaking Hands and Kissing Each Other by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-975845).jpg "Eadweard Muybridge: The Flight of Birds (b/w photo) by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 514. Feeding a Dog by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-954060).jpg "The Human Figure in Motion: Athletes, Fencing by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-953288).jpg "The Flight and Walk of Birds by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Movement of the Hand; Beating Time by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-1022737).jpg "Plate 344. Striking a Blow (Right Hand) by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Coffee Harvesting at San Isidro, Elevation 1000 Feet, Guatemala by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "The Human Figure in Motion: Athlete, carrying seventy-five pound boulder by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-954066).jpg "The Human Figure in Motion: Woman, sitting down and flirting a fan by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Two Men Boxing, from the")
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.jpg "Descending Incline, 20-lb Basket on Head, Hands Raised by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Heaving a 20-lb Rock by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Image sequence of a man with a hat walking,")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-954076).jpg "The Human Figure in Motion: Some phases of a standing long-jump by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Bow Legs; Boy; Spinal Caries; Girl Walking by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 709. Dog; Galloping; White Racing Hound Maggie by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-975877).jpg "The Human Figure in Motion: Woman, crossing on")
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.jpg "Plate 700. Buffalo; Galloping by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-1539468).jpg "Acrobat, Vertical")
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.jpg "Plate 239. Two Models, One Standing, the Other Sitting, Crossing Legs by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Lifting Cloth from the Ground by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 41. Walking, Flirting a Fan by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Foot-ball; Drop Kick by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Athletes from")
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.jpg "Pouring Libation on Ground, Drinking from Goblet by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Subscribers to Animal Locomotion by Eadweard Muybridge: Artists, Painters, Sculptors, etc by Eadweard Muybridge")
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 1872 (ma - (MeisterDrucke-640528).jpg "Valley of the Yosemite (early morn from light rock), 1872 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 407. Two Models, Pouring Bucket of Water Over One by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Camera and back of electro-shutter used by Eadweard Muybridge to shoot his")
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.jpg "Child running, Plate 469 from Animal Locomotion by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-976157).jpg "The Human Figure in Motion: Pugilists, Boxing by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Toilet, Sitting and Putting on Stockings by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Man ascending stairs, from")
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.jpg "Lake Amatitlán, Guatemala by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Child, Walking by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Reception of the Artist, Quezaltenango, Guatemala by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 238. Sitting on Chair, Crossing Legs, Drinking from Tea Cup by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate Number 521. A: Walking. B: Ascending a step. C: Throwing the disk. D: Using a shovel. E, F: Using a pick by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Walking and Turning Around Bouquet in Both Hands by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Studies of Foreshortenings. Horses. Walking. Mahomet. Nos. 119-120, 1879 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "The Human Figure in Motion: Some phases in the walk of an athlete, carrying a 50-pound dumb-bell by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-954072).jpg "The Human Figure in Motion: Some phases of starting a race by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 132. Descending Stairs, Turning to Look Around & Waving Hand by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 545. Artificially-Induced Convulsions; A, B, While Sitting by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "The Human Figure in Motion: Some phases in the walk of an athlete, carrying buckets filled with water by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Lawn Tennis; Dumb Bells; Walking on Hands by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Walking, Opening Parasol by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 661. Mule; A, B, A Refractory Animal by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-1012726).jpg "The Human Figure in Motion: Athlete, Running by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-954058).jpg "The Human Figure in Motion: Athlete, turning a back somersault by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Motion Study by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Two Models, Child Bringing Bouquet by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Walking, Left Hand Holding Dress, Right Hand at Face by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Gnu; Walking by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Egyptian Camel; Racking by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Fallow Deer; Buck and Group of Does; Various Movements (Plate 690) by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Child bringing bouquet to a woman, Plate 465 from Animal Locomotion by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-1012735).jpg "The Human Figure in Motion: Various acts of throwing by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Toilet; Rising from Chair, and Putting on Shawl by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Lifting 30 lb Basket from Ground to Head, Turning by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-954069).jpg "The Human Figure in Motion: Woman, descending a stairway by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Greyhound running, plate 708 from")
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.jpg "Walking, Turning Around Sweeping the Floor by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Image from")
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.jpg "Plate 617. Canter; Bareback; Rider, 106, Nude; White Horse Clinton, 1885 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "The Human Figure in Motion: Athlete, walking with fifty-pound weight in one hand by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Woman. A Shock to the Nervous System, 1887, Illustration from")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-993569).jpg "The Human Figure in Motion: Athlete, Rowing by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Animal Locomotion. An Electro-Photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movement by Eadweard Muybridge")
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 - (MeisterDrucke-54992).jpg "Plate Number 469. Child, Running by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Hauling; Dark-Gray Belgian Horse Dusel by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Cricket; Batting; Drive by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Woman Lifting and Carrying Child, from the Book Animal Locomotion by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Man with saw from")
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.jpg "Evening Recreations of the Coffee Pickers, San Isidro, from The Pacific Coast of Central America and Mexico; the Isthmus of Panama; Guatemala; and the Cultivation and Shipment of Coffee by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-1539469).jpg "Child Bringing a Bouquet to a Woman, 1887 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Two Models, 8 Kneels, Drinks from Water-Jar in Hands, 1872-1885 by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Placing Chair, Sitting and Flirting a Fan by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Shipping Coffee, Champerico, Guatemala by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Kneeling, Firing and Rising by Eadweard Muybridge")
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_-_(MeisterDrucke-954075).jpg "The Human Figure in Motion: Phases at football by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 40. Walking, Throwing Handkerchief Over Shoulders by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Flying bird, plate 756 from")
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.jpg "Woman Pouring a Basin of Water over Her Head, from the book Animal Locomotion by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Plate 556. Local Chorea; A, B, While Lying by Eadweard Muybridge")
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.jpg "Descending Stairs; Turning Water Jar on Right Shoulder by Eadweard Muybridge")
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